tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81109404727025508042024-03-05T01:13:47.549-08:00adeprimaputriUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8110940472702550804.post-12929632429108926902012-04-01T01:06:00.001-07:002013-02-28T09:27:03.680-08:00makalah alga hijau biru (cyanophyta)<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALGA HIJAU BIRU <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(CYANOBACTERIA)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Footlight MT Light","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELOMPOK<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
II (DUA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA KELOMPOK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
ADE PRIMA PUTRI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MAROJAHAN SIMATUPANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SIRMA LUBIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN
ALAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS NEGERI <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">MEDAN</st1:city></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></b></span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat
Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat rahmat dan Kasih-Nya lah kami dapat
menyelesaikan makalah Taksonomi Tumbuhan Rendah yang berjudul “Alga Hijau-Biru
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyanobacteria</i>)”.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Didalam makalah ini kami menjelaskan
tentang struktur tubuh, reroduksi, dan hal-hal lain yang berupa informasi
mengenai Alga Hijau-Biru (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyanobacteria</i>).
Kami juga memaparkan beberapa gambar, agar teman-teman sekalian dapat memahami
makalah kami.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kami berharap semoga makalah ini
dapat bermanfaat dan membantu teman-teman dalam memahami matakuliah Taksonomi
Tumbuhan Rendah, khususnya di materi Aga Hijau Biru (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyanobacteria</i>) dan dapat menambah wawasan serta bermanfaat dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Akhir kata, kritik dan saran dari
teman-teman sangat kami harapkan demi kemajuan dan kesempurnaan makalah ini.</div>
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<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Medan</st1:place></st1:city>,
Februari 2012</div>
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Penulis</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Kata
Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i</div>
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Daftar
isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Latar
Belakang Masalah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</div>
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1.2 Tujuan
…………………………………………………………………..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB II ISI<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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2.1 Ciri-ciri alga
hijau biru<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Cyanobacteria</i>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</div>
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2.2 Struktur sel
alga hijau biru<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Cyanobacteria</i>)
……………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</div>
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2.3 Reproduksi
alga hijau biru<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Cyanobacteria</i>) ……………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7</div>
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2.4 Klasifikasi
alga hijau biru<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Cyanobacteria</i>)
…………………………….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9</div>
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2.5 Peranan alga
hijau biru<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Cyanobacteria</i>) bagi
manusia …………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB III PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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3.1 Kesimpulan
………………………………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15</div>
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Daftar Pustaka</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monera</i> berasal dari bahasa
Yunani, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moneres</i> yang berarti tunggal.
Monera meliputi organisme bersel satu yang mempunyai struktur tubuh amat
sederhana dan bersifat prokariotik. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sel
prokariotik</i> adalah sel yang materi genetiknya belum terlindungi oleh
selaput inti atau karioteka. Monera, menurut system klasifikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Carl Woose </i>1977 dikelompokkan menjadi
dua subkingdom, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eubacteria</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Archaebacteria</i>. Cyanobacteria termasuk
anggota subkingdom Eubacteria. </div>
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Alga ini disebut alga hijau-biru karena berwarna hijau kebiruan. Warna
itu diakibatkan oleh warna klorofil dan pigmen biru (fikosianin). Alga
hijau-biru banyak dijumpai di tempat-tempat yang lembap, misalnya diatas tanah,
batu tembok, sawah, parit, dan di laut. Jika mengering, koloni alga hijau biru
mengelupas seperti kerak. Alga hijau biru biasanya hidup dilingkungan yang
sedikit asam hingga basa. Selain hidup bebas, alga hijau biru juga ada yang
hidup bersimbiosis dengan organisme lain. </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alga hijau biru sama seperti bakteri,
juga bersifat prokariotik. Alga hijau biru ada yang bersel satu dan ada pula
yang bersel banyak. Yang bersel satu ada yang hidup soliter dan ada yang
berkoloni, sedangkan yang bersel banyak umumnya berbentuk benang. Alga
hijau-biru dapat hidup di batuan di tempat organisme lain sulit hidup. Dengan
adanya alga hijau-biru, terjadilah pelapukan batuan sehingga memungkinkan alga
dan tumbuhan lain hidup. Alga hijau-biru dapat bertahan pada lingkungan yang
suhunya mencapai 85<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span>C.
Itulah sebabnya alga hijau-biru dikatakan sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tumbuhan perintis.</i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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Adapun tujuan kami menyelesaikan makalah ini :</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menyelesaikan tugas Taksonomi Tumbuhan Rendah.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memahami tentang alga, khususnya Cyanobacteria.</div>
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-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mendiskusikan tentang alga hijau-biru</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alga Hijau-Biru (Cyanobacteria)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.1 Ciri-ciri Alga Hijau-Biru<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ciri-ciri utama dari alga hijau-biru
adalah bersifat prokariotik dan klorofilnya tidak didalam kloroplas. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prokariotik<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Seperti halnya bakteri, alga ini tidak memiliki membran inti.
Bahan ini terdapat pada suatu daerah didalam sitoplasmanya. Jadi alga hijau
biru tergolong organisme prokariotik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Klorofil tidak dalam kloroplas dan
memiliki fikosianin<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Alga ini mempunyai klorofil a dan pigmen biru (fikosianin).
Klorofil tidak terdapat dalam kloroplas, melainkan pada membran tilakoid. Oleh
karena memiliki klorofil dan dapat berfotosintesis, maka alga ini dapat
menghasilkan gula dan oksigen. Inilah sifat yang tidak dimiliki oleh bakteri
pada umumnya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pigmen fikosianin mengakibatkan warna
hijau kebiruan. Beberapa dari alga ini ada juga yang berwarna cokelat, hitam,
kuning, merah, dan hijau. Warna merah disebabkan oleh pigmen fikoeritrin
sedangkan warna kuning disebabkan oleh pigmen karoten. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada umumnya alga hijau biru
memiliki kemampuan menambat nitrogen dari udara. Proses penambatan nitrogen ini
dilakukan oleh sel khusus yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">heterosista</i>.
Heterosista dihasilkan oleh alga hijau biru berbentuk benang. Ukuran
heterosista lebih besar dibandingkan sel didekatnya serta memiliki dinding sel
yang lebih tebal. Oleh karena kemampuan menambat nitrogen ini, alga hijau biru
dapat menyuburkan habitatnya, atau menguntungkan organisme lainyang
bersimbiosis dengannya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alga hijau biru ada yang mampu
menghasilkan racun (toksin). Racun yang dikeluarkan di perairan dapat mematikan
organisme lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2 Struktur Sel Alga Hijau Biru<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alga hijau biru ada yang uniseluler,
ada yang membentuk koloni, dan ada pula yang berbentuk benang. Contoh alga yang
uniseluler adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chroococcus</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anacystis</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="Anacystir sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="175" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="140" /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Gambar 2.2.1 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chroococcus</i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Gambar 2.2.2 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anacystis<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Contoh alga yang
membentuk koloni adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Merismopedia, Nostoc,
</i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microcystis.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:171pt;height:128.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title="merismopedia sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="171" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="228" /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Nostoc_sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="166" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="145" /><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Gambar 2.2.3 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Merismopedia<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></i>Gambar
2.2.4 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nostoc<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="microcystist sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="169" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="228" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Gambar 2.2.5 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microcystis<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Contoh alga yang membentuk benang
(filament) adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oscillatoria,
Microcoleus, </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anabaena.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:189pt;height:129pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="oscillatoria sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="172" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="252" /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg"
o:title="Microcoleus sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="182" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="264" /><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Gambar 2.2.6 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oscillatoria<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></i>Gambar
2.2.7 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microcoleus<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:120pt;height:2in'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg"
o:title="anabaena sp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="192" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="160" /><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Gambar 2.2.8 : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anabaena<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Sel
alga hijau-biru tersusun atas (dari luar kedalam) sebagai berikut : dinding
sel, membran sel, sitoplasma, dan asam inti. Perhatikan gambar berikut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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o:title="struktur alga hjau biru"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambar
2.2.9 : Struktur Sel Alga Hijau-Biru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selubung Lendir<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Selubung lendir terdapat disebelah luar dinding sel. Selubung
lendir berfungsi mencegah sel dari kekeringan. Selain itu, lendir dapat
memudahkan sel bergerak, karena beberapa alga ini dapat bergerak dengan gerakan
osilasi (maju mundur). Belum dapat dipastikan apa yang menyebabkan alga ini
bergerak.</div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dinding Sel<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
Dinding sel mengakibatkan sel memiliki bentuk yang tetap.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Membran Sel<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Membran sel berfungsi mengatur keluar-masuknya zat dari dan
kedalam sel. Terdapat pelipatan membrane sel kearah dalam membentuk lamella
fotosintetik atau membran tilakoid. Pada membran tilakoid inilah terdapat
klorofil. Jadi berbeda dengan sel eukariotik yang memiliki klorofil didalam
kloroplas, alga hijau biru tidak memiliki kloroplas. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sitoplasma<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sitoplasma merupakan koloid yang tersusun atas air, protein,
lemak, gula, mineral-mineral, enzim, ribosom, dan DNA. Di dalam sitoplasma
inilah berlangsung proses metabolisme sel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asam inti atau Asam Nukleat (DNA)<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
DNA terdapat pada suatu lokasi di dalam sitoplasma, namun
tidak memiliki membran inti. Karena itulah alga hijau-biru digolongkan kedalam
prokariotik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mesosom dan Ribosom<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Ribosom merupakan organel untuk sintesis protein, sedangkan
mesosom merupakan penonjolan membran kearah dalam yang berperan sebagai
penghasil energi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.3. Reproduksi Alga Hijau-Biru<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> 3 cara reproduksi alga hijau-biru yaitu
pembelahan sel, fregmentasi, dan membentuk spora. </div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pembelahan Sel<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Alga hijau-biru dapat bereproduksi dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pembelahan biner. </i>Pembelahan biner
merupakan pembelahan sel secara langsung. Dengan pembelahan sel, baik sel
tunggal (organisme uniseluler) maupun sel penyusun filamen (benang) akan
bertambah banyak. Filamen akan bertambah panjang karena adanya pembelahan sel. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fragmentasi<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fragmentasi </i>dilakukan
oleh alga hijau-biru berbentuk benang. Dengan fragmentasi (pemenggalan),
filamen yang panjang akan terputus menjadi dua atau lebih benang pendek yang
disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hormogonium. </i>Setiap
hormogonium akan tumbuh menjadi filamen baru. Tempat pemutusan filamen adalah
sel mati yang terdapat diantara sel penyusun filamen. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pembentukan Spora<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Jika kondisi buruk, misalnya kurang air, diantara sel-sel
alga hijau-biru ada yang dapat membentuk endospora, seperti pada bakteri.
Dindingnya menebal, dan ukuran sel membesar. Bentuka ini disebut sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">akinet, </i>misalnya pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nostoc. </i>Spora tahan terhadap lingkungan
yang jelek. Jika kondisi lingkungan telah pulih, spora tumbuh menjadi alga yang
baru.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.4 Klasifikasi<br />
</b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ganggang Biru dibedakan dalam
3 bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1MshN9aG30BO7AqstmQptlq888Yk1k4hLxtIeSuUsQHPlXG94OfSMEyYr0_POWTubEhWZBtAB7Zq-9S1dVZ0SC9g3y3glSbKfylDsbGmrkyt07VxjRl3mNp4Y_NtHK6bt_dEcF_2cIPCx/s1600/KLASIFIKASI+GANGGANG+BIRU.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455147001237970226" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:333pt;height:239.25pt' o:button="t">
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o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1MshN9aG30BO7AqstmQptlq888Yk1k4hLxtIeSuUsQHPlXG94OfSMEyYr0_POWTubEhWZBtAB7Zq-9S1dVZ0SC9g3y3glSbKfylDsbGmrkyt07VxjRl3mNp4Y_NtHK6bt_dEcF_2cIPCx/s320/KLASIFIKASI+GANGGANG+BIRU.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="319" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455147001237970226" width="444" /></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bangsa
Chroococcales.</span></i></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Berbentuk tunggal atau kelompok tanpa
spora, warna biru kehijau-hijauanUmumnya alga ini membentuk selaput lendir pada
cadas atau tembok yang basah. Setelah pembelahan, sel-sel tetap bergandengan
dengan perantaraan lendir tadi, dan dengan demikian terbentuk kelompok-kelompok
atau koloni.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkYW_MznqsqdqEe-2kOMjJyc_BaPpobI1Er2n9WEXioXgVWNxepAINBpwWWGsDoFv7sOu_11TvJclhlC38pEstKYUPt8KRcSmAwIk8b-PxsaE4JCV3YBzla-gxdWvW_HJj9dkvdGNp4Oc/s1600/chroococus+cyanobacteria.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455128304997646274" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:240pt;height:153.75pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkYW_MznqsqdqEe-2kOMjJyc_BaPpobI1Er2n9WEXioXgVWNxepAINBpwWWGsDoFv7sOu_11TvJclhlC38pEstKYUPt8KRcSmAwIk8b-PxsaE4JCV3YBzla-gxdWvW_HJj9dkvdGNp4Oc/s320/chroococus+cyanobacteria.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="205" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455128304997646274" width="320" /></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gambar 2.2.10 :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chroococcus turgidus<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi08ZqiclWM7hBCeSPc7nWghvQx127TiJ0jZCTNOXvHEsuxkjMVONQijjg9ftm5a1YWY4oYXjSs94hkQPCqASf5qMPxcWqKH4sSQJipCs0pkXTz_kv8eF4BnJLxHJ_1hItzBZRSYY7uB-yf/s1600/gleocapsa.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455137009867329282" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:240pt;height:183.75pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi08ZqiclWM7hBCeSPc7nWghvQx127TiJ0jZCTNOXvHEsuxkjMVONQijjg9ftm5a1YWY4oYXjSs94hkQPCqASf5qMPxcWqKH4sSQJipCs0pkXTz_kv8eF4BnJLxHJ_1hItzBZRSYY7uB-yf/s320/gleocapsa.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="245" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455137009867329282" width="320" /></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gambar 2.2.11 :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gloeocapsa sanguinea<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">- Bangsa Chamaesiphonales <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Alga
bersel tunggal atau merupakan koloni berbentuk benang, mempunyai spora.
Benang-benang itu dapat putus-putus merupakan hormogonium, yang dapat merayap
dan merupakan koloni baru.Spora terbentuk dari isi sel (endospora). Setelah
keluar dari sel induknya, spora dapat menjadi tumbuhan baru. Untuk menghadapi
kala yang buruk dapat membentuk sel-sel awetan dengan menambah zat makanan
cadangan serta mempertebal dan memperbesar dinding sel Chamaesiphon
confervicolus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">- Bangsa Nostocales <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Sel-selnya merupakan koloni berbentuk benang, atau diselubungi
suatu membran. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Benang-benang itu melekat pada substratnya, tidak bercabang,
jarang mempunyai percabangan sejati, lebih sering mempunyai percabangan
semu. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Benang benang itu selalu dapat membentuk hormogonium.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Contoh
: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oscillatoria , Rivularia , Anabaena,
Spirulina</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oscillatoria</i>, </li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii2YqGFrID6XmoalLVycFEvG2cMQnYNcM5WP828GZghJvs-wfdD8iEL8mUMsKXkW-A4Hh-LbJgGcTooz8hPmDNxe50D96gDazh0VwBNAx_3pSJPhLWPdEl8oU68wwuDbpUZL2XoFMe4O1J/s1600/oscilatoria+ganggang+biru.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455154093993013794" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:240pt;height:76.5pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii2YqGFrID6XmoalLVycFEvG2cMQnYNcM5WP828GZghJvs-wfdD8iEL8mUMsKXkW-A4Hh-LbJgGcTooz8hPmDNxe50D96gDazh0VwBNAx_3pSJPhLWPdEl8oU68wwuDbpUZL2XoFMe4O1J/s320/oscilatoria+ganggang+biru.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455154093993013794" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">hidup dalam
air atau di atas tanah yang basah, </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">sel¬selnya
bulat, merupakan benang-benang dan akhirnya membentuk koloni yang
berlendir. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Pada
jarak-jarak tertentu pada benang¬benang itu terdapat sel-sel yang
dindingnya tebal, </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">kehilangan
zat¬zat warna yang berguna untuk asimilasi, hingga kelihatan
kekuning-kuningan dan dinamakan heterosista. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Heterosista
ini dalam keadaan khusus dapat tumbuh menjadi benang baru, tetapi
fungsinya belum dikenal dan biasanya lekas mati.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Contoh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oscillatoria limosa; Oscillatoria
princeps.</i> </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2. Rivularia</i> </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKTUWFIK2K7HUupAcJ1NS_h_5uGt2WX_RJO8nrDnCOIUGEoeyYRZm2mDetP6o81ot1n-HLG87nb3KxNhRDbxeaS09NA2o01r1TubcxKlgo4qU4hrMXAnYnAxrQW4Fx8GpjvKrQndB2rSOW/s1600/rivularia.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455161353768302450" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:308.25pt;height:114.75pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKTUWFIK2K7HUupAcJ1NS_h_5uGt2WX_RJO8nrDnCOIUGEoeyYRZm2mDetP6o81ot1n-HLG87nb3KxNhRDbxeaS09NA2o01r1TubcxKlgo4qU4hrMXAnYnAxrQW4Fx8GpjvKrQndB2rSOW/s320/rivularia.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="153" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455161353768302450" width="411" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3. Nostoc <o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvoYzL4UW1GporHrFSfzvIIds_XppUCb2rjDMnvUjnUWHfH81XmMs1Usbs4niPkV3GTFQ7hKcNsKpDKakv2cVt5dDB7CbCYNXg-GB6rU_yFeZ2BuBOsallSX34cTSxZ99DMJxjzuBYKuSG/s1600/nostoc+comunae.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455157875860785650" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:240pt;height:181.5pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvoYzL4UW1GporHrFSfzvIIds_XppUCb2rjDMnvUjnUWHfH81XmMs1Usbs4niPkV3GTFQ7hKcNsKpDKakv2cVt5dDB7CbCYNXg-GB6rU_yFeZ2BuBOsallSX34cTSxZ99DMJxjzuBYKuSG/s320/nostoc+comunae.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="242" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455157875860785650" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
4,
Anabaena azollae / Anabaena cycadae. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEityGcB-Av2sRlXE8Rr-kajJH9SVoDVwOj5SavfSexZAcMWHhU5KExr41UDak76aIdmFLs044iM3CnIAqxdytyiqwCKr2glPRINLmjvJ3AejHJGYYKdn6ML6OyGU0VcByHDxxa3CTBVQkdq/s1600/anaebaena+fiksasi+nitrogen.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455158313017648306" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:240pt;height:195pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEityGcB-Av2sRlXE8Rr-kajJH9SVoDVwOj5SavfSexZAcMWHhU5KExr41UDak76aIdmFLs044iM3CnIAqxdytyiqwCKr2glPRINLmjvJ3AejHJGYYKdn6ML6OyGU0VcByHDxxa3CTBVQkdq/s320/anaebaena+fiksasi+nitrogen.bmp"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" height="260" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/season/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455158313017648306" width="320" /></span></a>Anabaena <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ-cQXQMS_l119MKeOhx36QpiOc1qwV6GkOAU21KxCNIUT8KW5KHvBxcYI2wANTvg4yae4C-DfeWvEKCaj6JwN_9Qhlm_zThvq3Rg9sYb-xGzogkp2qKN7Aoj3Q23tm5bAGI114QBO9C8Z/s1600/anabaena+n2+fixasi.bmp"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455288334548756258" o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="" style='width:161.25pt;height:178.5pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.jpg"
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<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Nostoc,
dapat menambat N dari udara, seringkali bersimbiosis dengan Fungai
membentuk Lichenes.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Anabaena,
juga menambat N dari udara dan dapat bersimbiosis dengan tanaman </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Anaabaena
cycadae bersimbiotic dengan pakis haji (Cycas rumphii) </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Anabaena
azollae bersimbiotic dengan paku air Azolla pinata (dalam daunnya) yang
hidup di sawah-sawah dan di rawa rawa. </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
dalam bersimbiosis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anabaena</i> berada dalam akar-akarnya yang
disebut akar-akar bunga karang mengikat nitrogen untuk tumbuhannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2.5. Peranan Alga Hijau-Biru bagi
manusia<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alga hijau-biru ada yang bersifat
merugikan, ada pula yang bersifat menguntungkan bagi manusia.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alga Hijau-Biru yang merugikan<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
Telah diuraikan bahwa beberapa alga hijau-biru yang
hidup di air ada yang mengeluarkan racun. Racun yang terlarut didalam air dapat
meracuni organisme yang meminumnya. Contohnya di Australia banyak biri-biri
mati setelah minum air telaga. Ini merupakan sifat merugikan alga hijau biru. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
Sifat merugikan lainnya adalah alga ini dapat tumbuh di
tembok dan batu, sehingga tembok akan m udah lapuk. Demikian pula bangunan
candi dari batu yang banyak terdapat di <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> banyak yang terancam
menjadi lapuk karena alga.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alga Hijau-Biru yang Menguntungkan<o:p></o:p></i></b></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
Alga Hijau-Biru ada yang bermanfaat di bidang pertanian
dan industri makanan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengikat nitrogen bebas<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
Nostoc, Gleocapsa, dan Anabaena merupakan alga
hijau-biru yang dapat menangkap nitrogen dari udara. Kemampuan menangkap
nitrogen ini disebut pula sebagai kemampuan melakukan fiksasi nitrogen. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anabaena azollae </i>dapat bersimbiosis
dengan tumbuhan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Azolla pinnata, </i>yaitu
tumbuhan yang banyak djumpai di sawah dan mengapung di atas air. Alga
hijau-biru itu melakukan fiksasi nitrogendari udara dan mengubahnya dengan
anonia. Akibatnya, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Azolla pinnata </i>banyak
mengandung ammonia. Hal demikian menguntungkan petani. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Azolla pinnatad </i>dapat dijadikan pupuk hijau yang mengandung
nitrogen. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(2)
Sebagai bahan makanan<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> pula alga hijau-biru
yang dapat dijadikan makanan karena mengandung protein yang cukup tinggi.
Misalnya alga hijau-biru yang bentuknya spiral dan disebut Artrospira. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Kan</st1:state></st1:place> alga ini terkenal,
kemudian para pakar telah berhasil membudidayakan alga ini untuk dipanen
proteinnya. Di masa depan ada kemungkinan alga ini dapat dikembangbiakkan dalam
jumlah besar untuk menghasilkan protein bagi kebutuhan umat manusia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1 KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></b>Alga Hijau-Biru (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyanobacteria</i>) merupakan organisme
uniseluler dan multiseluler yang bersifat prokariotik serta memiliki klorofil
dan fikosianin. Alga yang uniseluler ada yang hidup soliter dan ada yang
berkoloni, sedangkan yang multiseluler pada umumnya berbentuk benang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alga Hijau-Biru
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyanobacteria</i>) termasuk dalam
kingdom Monera. Meskipun alga ini memiliki klorofil, namun alga ini tidak dapat
digolongkan kepada kingdom plantae. Karena alga hijau biru masih berupa
prokariotik, sementara yang ada di kingdom plantae adalah yang eukariotik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
Amin, Mohamad.
2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biologi</i>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place> : Bailmu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
Syamsuri, Istamar.
2007.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Biologi.</i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></st1:place> : Erlangga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"><span style="color: black;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://biologigonz.blogspot.com/2010/04/ganggang-biru-cyanobacteria.html"><span style="color: black;">http://biologigonz.blogspot.com/2010/04/ganggang-biru-cyanobacteria.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>http://cyanosite.bioperdue.edu<o:p></o:p></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 40px;"> </span> </o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
</b></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px; line-height: 40px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8110940472702550804.post-14604285041008352262012-04-01T01:03:00.000-07:002012-04-01T01:03:50.220-07:00paper resistansi ikan terhadap pencemaran air<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESISTANSI IKAN TERHADAP PENCEMARAN AIR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui pengaruh pencemaran air terhadap ikan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui daya tahan ikan terhadap pencemaran air<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui penyebab ikan mengeluarkan lendir<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui penyebab ikan mengeluarkan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui kondisi ikan di air tercemar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan gobi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poecilia sp</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" style="height: 191.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 32.8pt; margin-top: 1.55pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 174.55pt; z-index: 2;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:textbox style="mso-rotate-with-shape: t;"> <w:wrap type="square"> </w:wrap></v:textbox></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animalia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chordata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Actinopterygii<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cyprinodontiformes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poeciliidae<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poecilia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poecilia sp<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" /> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Deskripsi :<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan gobi pertama-tama, masih diam. Kemudian lama-kelamaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ikan tersebut menjadi panik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1.5% deterjen , ikan gobi lebih cepat mati daripada 0.5% deterjen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan gobi habitatnya di air yang terkontaminasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada praktikum ini, ikan gobi paling lama mati. Hal ini disebabkan ikan gobi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Poecilia sp)</i> telah terbiasa hidup di air paret (air yang telah terkontaminasi dengan limbah rumah tangga). Habitatnya tersebut lah yang menyebabkan ikan gobi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Poecilia sp)</i> ini mampu bertahan lebih lama di air larutan deterjen dengan berbagai konsentrasi daripada ikan-ikan yang lain.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan mujair (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oreochromis mossambicus)</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 169.8pt; left: 0; margin-left: 32.8pt; margin-top: 14.95pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 214.5pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:textbox style="mso-rotate-with-shape: t;"> <w:wrap type="square"> </w:wrap></v:textbox></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animalia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chordata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pisces<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Percomorphi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cichlidae<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oreochromis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oreochromis mossambicus</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan menggelepar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada deterjen 0.5%, dan pada menit ke 4, ikan mengeluarkan lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1% deterjen, pada menit ke 1, ikan lemas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan pada menit kedua, ikan berdarah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan pada 1.5% deterjen, pada menit ketiga, ikan mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan pada menit keempat, ikan berlendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan mujahir habitat nya adalah pada air tawar yang bersih dan tidak terkontaminasi dengan limbah. Namun pada praktikum ini, ikan mujahir di biarkan di air yang terkontaminasi dengan deterjen (salah satu limbah rumah tangga), itulah yang menyebabkan ikan mujahir tidah mampu bertahan dalam air larutan deterjen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan mas pedang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyprinus sp</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 187pt; left: 0; margin-left: 28.1pt; margin-top: 4.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 213.7pt; z-index: 4;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:textbox style="mso-rotate-with-shape: t;"> <w:wrap type="square"> </w:wrap></v:textbox></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Animalia <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Chordata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Osteichtyes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Cypriniformes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Cyprinidae<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Cyprinus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cyprinus sp</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan ini pertama-tama panik, dan lama-kelamaan ikan ini menggelepar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 0.5% deterjen, dan waktu 55 detik, ikan ini liar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan pada waktu 1 menit 39 detik, ikan ini mulai berdarah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan pada 1% deterjen, ikan ini liar, dan pada waktu 1 menit 39 detik, ikan ini berdarah juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan pada 1.5% deterjen, ikan ini liar, dan pada menit ke 1, ikan ini berdarah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan lele (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelurus melas)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 172.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-top: 1.75pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 227pt; z-index: 5;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"> <w:wrap type="square"> </w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Animalia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Chordata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Osteichtyes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Ostaihophysi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Centroponidae<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Amelurus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelurus melas<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan ini bergerak-gerak mengelilingi deterjen (bergerak cepat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan mulai turun ke dasar wadah karena mulai teracuni dengan air yang telah terkontaminasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada menit ke 4, dengan 0.5% deterjen, ikan ini mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1% deterjen, dan 1.5% deterjen, ikan ini sama-sama mengeluarkan lendir. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan lele<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (Ameiurus melas) </i>memang memiliki daya resistansi lebih baik daripada ikan mujahir, ikan mas. Namun ikan ini tidak lebih baik daya tahan tubuhnya daripada ikan gobi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Poecilia sp)</i>. Dengan kata lain, daya resistansi ikan gobi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Poecilia sp)</i> lebih baik daripada ikan lele <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ameiurus melas).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan nila (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oreochromis niloticus)</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 169.65pt; left: 0; margin-left: 37.5pt; margin-top: 4.1pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 229.35pt; z-index: 6;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\season\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"> <w:wrap type="square"> </w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Animalia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Chordata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Osteichtyes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Perciformes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Cichlidae<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Oreochromis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oreochromis niloticus<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deskripsi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan ini menggelepar, dan naik ke permukaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 0.5% deterjen, pada menit kedua, insangnya mengeluarkan darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada 1% deterjen, menit ke 1, insang berdarah. Pada 1.5% deterjen, pada 20 detik, insang berdarah dan cenderung mati. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan ini memiliki daya resistansi yang lebih rendah terhadap pencemaran air daripada ikan gobi. Hal ini disebabkan ikan gobi memang memiliki habitat yang pada umumnya telah terkontaminasi dengan limbah rumah tangga. Dan hal tersebut sangat berbeda dengan ikan nila yang habitatnya adalah di air tawar yang bersih dan tidak terkontaminasi dengan limbah rumah tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab insang ikan berlendir dan mengeluarkan darah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebabnya karena terjadinya difusi. Difusi adalah perpindahan zat dari konsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah dimana konsentrasi deterjen lebih tinggi dari sitoplasma. Sehingga partikel deterjen berdifusi dari larutan ke sel-sel insang yang mengalami plasmolisis. Karena sel pecah, sitoplasma keluar, sehingga insang ikan terlihat mengeluarkan lendir. Setelah selnya pecah, ikan kehilangan organ untuk bernafas. Sehingga akhirnya ikan-ikan pada larutan deterjen, lemas dan kemudian ikan tersebut mati satu persatu. Dan insang ikan tersebut membengkak, lalu mati di pengaruhi oleh konsentrasi deterjen pada air. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi deterjen pada air, semakin cepat ikan itu akan mati dan diselimuti lendir. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proses krenasi<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Krenasi yaitu kontraksi atau pembentukan nokta tidak normal disekitar pinggir sel setelah dimasukkan kedalam larutan hipertonik, karena kehilangan air melalui osmosis. Secara etimologi, krenasi berasal dari bahasa latin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">crenatus</i>. Krenasi trejadi karena lingkungan hipertonik (sel memiliki larutan dengan konsentrasi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan larutan disekitar luar sel), osmosis (difusi air) menyebabkan pergerakan air keluar dari sel menyebabkan sitoplasma berkurang volumenya. Akibatnya sel pun mengecil. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESISTANSI IKAN TERHADAP PENCEMARAN AIR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: ADE PRIMA PUTRI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 4113220001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELAS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: NON DIK A BIOLOGI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 124.45pt; mso-left-percent: -10001; mso-left-percent: -10001; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: line; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-top-percent: -10001; mso-top-percent: -10001; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 125.2pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:textbox style="mso-rotate-with-shape: t;"> <w:wrap type="none"> <w:anchorlock> </w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:textbox></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REKOMENDASI PENCEMARAN AIR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan mati dalam air deterjen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab ikan mati dalam air deterjen adalah karena ikatan kimia dari komposisi senyawa deterjen yang sangat rapat. Sehingga membran ikan tidak dapat menerima oksigen secara penuh. Komposisi deterjen memiliki massa jenis diatas air. Air memiliki 1000 gr/ml massa jenis dengan tekanan tetap, sementara deterjen tidak sama dengan air bersih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator pencemaran air <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya perubahan suhu air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya perubahan tingkat keasaman, basa, dan garam (salinitas) air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya perubahan warna, bau, dan rasa pada air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya endapan, koloid, dari bahan terlarut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen pencemar air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan buangan padat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah limbah padat berupa butiran besar dan halus yang masuk kedalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan buangan organik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya dapat didegradasi oleh mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan buangan anorganik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya berasal dari bahan buangan industri seperti industri logam, industri elektronika, dan industri kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan buangan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan buangan cair berminyak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering dijumpai pada air sungai dan air lautang disebabkan oleh pembuangan zat kimia (limbah oleh industri).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan buangan zat kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk pencemar yang sangat berbahaya dari potensi merusak lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DETERJEN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pencemaran yang berasal dari lingkungan rumah tangga, diantaranya yaitu deterjen. Penggunaan deterjen terus meningkat. Penyebabnya adalah kemampuannya untuk membersihkan kotoran dari barang-barang yang kita gunakan semakin besar. Kemampuannya lebih dari sabun cuci biasa, akibatnya produksi sabun cuci biasa semakin meningkat untuk tersingkir. Di samping itu, deterjen mempunyai daya membersihkan lebih tinggi, deterjen mampu menghasilkan busa yang hebat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unsur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kunci dari deterjen adalah bahan surfaktan atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan aktif permukaan yang bereaksi dalam menjadikan air menjadi basah dan sebagai bahan pencuci yang lebih baik. Surfaktan terkonsentrasi pada batas permukaan antara air dengan gas, padatan-padatan(debu), dan cairan-cairan yang tidak dapat bercampur(minyak). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deterjen tidak dapat diuraikan oleh organisme lain kecuali gangggang hijau dan yang tidak sempat diuraikan ini akan menimbulkan pencemaran air. Sisa-sisa penggunaan pestisida yang berlebihan akan terbawa dalam aliran air pertanian dan akan masuk kedalam rantai makanan dan masuk kedalam jaringan tubuh makhluk hidup yang memakan makanan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementara itu sebagai objek sampel adalah ikan. Karena organisme yang umumnya dijumpai adalah ikan. Tiap spesies ikan memiliki habitat yang berbeda-beda dan memiliki adaptasi yang berbeda pula. Contohnya adalah ikan gobi yang banyak dijumpai di parit-parit atau selokan baik yang jernih maupun yang telah tercemar oleh limbah. Kemampuan ikan gobi untuk beradaptasi tidak hanya untuk bertahan hidup, namun juga dapat berkembangbiak dengan jumlah koloni yang banyak. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa iakn gobi telah beradaptasi dengan sangat baik dalam habitat umumnya di parit. Akan tetapi spesies ikan gobi tidak hanya hidup di paritsaja, tapi adapula yang hidup di laut dan di perairan sungan amazon dan di rawa-rawa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPOSISI DETERJEN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surfaktan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan zat aktif permukaan yang mempunyai ujung berbeda yaitu hidrofil dan hidrorob.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Budder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi meningkatkan efisiensi pencuci dari surfaktan dengan cara menonaktifkan mineral penyebab kesadahan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filler<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah bahan tambahan deterjen yang tidak mempunyai kemampuan meningkatkan daya cuci, tetapi menambah kualitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aditif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah bahan tambahan deterjen yang tidak mempunyai kemampuan meningkatkan daya cuci, tetapi bahan suplemen/tambahan untuk membuat produk lebih menarik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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